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Idlib Farmers Suffer Difficult Wheat Season

09-01-2024/in HLP, News /by Rand Shamaa

Since 2022, the Damascus-run Idlib governorate has been organising annual public auctions for investing in lands owned by absentees, including people forcibly displaced from Idlib. The winning investors in these auctions must cultivate specific crops according to the annual agricultural plan approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. This requirement applies to both investors and farmland owners residing in regime-controlled areas. In both cases, the farmers face numerous difficulties in completing the cultivation of their land or in reneging on their investment contracts.

The Idlib governorate declared that its Announcement No. 1075, issued on October 15, 2023, serves as an official notification to all previous auction winners for the 2023-2024 agricultural season, emphasising the need to settle their financial obligations within three days. Failure to comply will lead the governorate to take legal action, including fines for withdrawal or default and re-listing these lands in new public auctions. In case of default, investors risk losing their initial deposits. They may be liable for damage costs, potentially leading to administrative seizure of their properties, as happened with an investor in rural Hama in February 2022.

The Idlib governorate invited investors to participate in public auctions for 18,169 hectares of uncultivated, non-forested land on November 15, 2023. These lands were previously offered for investment. However, they attracted no bidders, or the winners were deemed to have withdrawn due to non-fulfilment of their financial obligations.

A local correspondent for The Syria Report explained that the lack of previous investment in these lands is partly due to their proximity to the front lines between regime and opposition forces, making them relatively dangerous. This has led to some winners withdrawing their investments or failing to complete the required documentation and financial obligations.

The Idlib governorate had divided the lands offered for investment in auctions according to the administrative division of areas under regime control in Idlib. The auctions were held in the last quarter of 2023 at the governorate’s General Secretariat building in Khan Sheikhoun. The winning investors received their contracts from the local contracts office so they could start farming.

The Syria Report’s correspondent reported that the bidding procedures have become well-known and are being repeated for the second consecutive season in Idlib. Typically, agreements are made among investors within the same area to bid for lands owned by their acquaintances or relatives.

However, other reasons prevent farmers, whether they are landowners or investors, from completing the cultivation of their land. These include the obligation to adhere to the agricultural plan set by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform regarding the type of crops and the conditions for obtaining diesel and other production essentials like fertiliser and seeds at government-subsidised prices. Many farmers cannot meet these conditions, leading them to purchase these essentials at market prices, increasing their production costs. This is one of the reasons why some farmers default on completing their investment contracts.

To encourage wheat cultivation, the Idlib Agriculture Directorate has allowed farmers to plant wheat even if they exceed the areas determined by the Ministry’s agricultural plan for the 2023-2024 season in Idlib. The Director of Agriculture in Idlib, in a recorded meeting on October 21, 2023, and published by the Ministry of Agriculture’s Agricultural Media page on Facebook, stated that the plan allocated 18,000 hectares for wheat cultivation in Idlib Governorate, consisting of 4,000 hectares of irrigated land and the rest of non-irrigated land. However, at the same time, the directorate did not provide incentives or facilitation for obtaining official documents that would enable farmers to obtain production essentials at subsidised prices.

Farmers receive specified quantities of diesel, termed “agricultural diesel,” for farming and irrigation purposes, priced officially at SYP 2,000 per litre. This diesel is distinct from so-called “free diesel,” which is available at gas stations at SYP 13,000 per litre. On August 9, 2023, the Agricultural Subcommittee, chaired by the governor of Idlib, decided to provide wheat farmers with 120 litres of agricultural diesel per hectare annually. The distribution of agricultural diesel is automated, using the “smart” family card managed by Integration for Trading LLC (Takamol) Company.

Landowning farmers must obtain an “agricultural organising notice” document based on proof of land ownership. This document allows them to access government-subsidised agricultural essentials like seeds, fertilisers, and agricultural diesel and obtain a crop certificate of origin. The agricultural organising notice is not a deed of ownership in itself. In contrast, investing farmers, either non-landowners or joint owners, must obtain a document called a “physical inspection notice” issued by a committee formed by the Agricultural Extension Unit affiliated with the General Union of Farmers. Based on the “physical inspection notice,” which notes the land surface and specifications, the committee determines the quantity of subsidised agricultural diesel for the farmer.

The General Organisation for Seed Multiplication set the price of wheat seed this year at SYP 3,950 per kilogram. Wheat seed is distributed at 250 kilograms per hectare for irrigated land and 200 kilograms per hectare for rainfed land. This distribution occurs between November 15 and December 15 each year, the optimal period for wheat planting.

Council of Ministers Seeks to Increase Investment in Absentee Lands

13-12-2022/in HLP, News /by Rand Shamaa

After successful auctions for farmlands belonging to absentees from the forcibly displaced people, the Syrian government is seeking to replicate the process in other areas under its control.

Meanwhile, the Council of Ministers says it is managing and regulating investment contracts for lands cultivated with fruit-bearing trees, especially pistachios and olives. Such decisions often neglect to mention the owners of those lands or describe the owners as “absent” and their properties as “vacant.”

First-degree kinship

In Decision No. 12011, issued in October, the Council of Ministers allowed first-degree relatives of displaced people to invest in their vacant lands should those properties be put up for public auction. These relatives are exempted from participating in the auctions. However, the decision did not specify the areas included in these auctions.

Based on Ministry of Agriculture Resolution No. 291 o 2022, the decision states that first-degree relatives, such as mothers, fathers, sons and daughters, may announce which of their relatives’ properties they wish to invest in 15 days before the start date of the public auction for those properties.

It is unclear why the Council of Ministers limited its decision to first-degree relatives when similar priority was given to first-, second-, and third-degree relatives in auctions in the Hama governorate. Second-degree relatives include grandparents, siblings and grandchildren. Third-degree relatives include aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews. In all these cases, relatives only have priority when investing in the lands going up for auction but for not entering the auction itself.

Inheritance inventory

It appears that the Council of Ministers assumed that absentee owners of vacant lands are deceased, meaning that their relative who is investing in the property must conduct an inventory of the inheritance. This document applies to someone whose death has been proven factually or de jure, per Personal Status Law No. 59 of 1953 and its executive instructions. The inheritance inventory aims to determine heirs entitled to the inheritance and their degree of kinship to the deceased person. It also shows the shares given to each heir.

The purpose of this strange request, i.e. conducting an inheritance inventory for someone who isn’t proven dead, is to identify those closest to the absentee landowners. The inheritance inventory document has no relation to a deceased person’s properties and does not include a list of their assets or real estate. Decision No. 12011 also did not specify which kind of inheritance inventory is required in this case: legal or compatible with Islamic law. For example, legal inheritance inventory is used only for Amiri lands owned by the state, where the beneficiary has only the right to dispose of such properties.

Local committees

According to the decision, the Council of Ministers has approved the formation of local committees in all relevant administrative units tasked with ensuring property ownership for people who lost their title deeds. Each committee comprises the administrative unit head, the local party branch leader, the head of the extension unit, the mokhtar, the farmer’s society head and a local community representative over 50 years of age.

The decision also stipulates that the committees are responsible for the results of their work. Their results are limited to real estate investment in the 2022-2023 agricultural season. The decision affirms that these results have no impact on the future ownership of the real estate in question.

These committees are similar in form and mission to the so-called “spatial-technical” committees in Hama and Idlib governorates. These bodies are tasked with determining ownership of agricultural lands and writing inventories of properties belonging to people who have been displaced to opposition-held areas.

However, the newly announced local committees differ because they include a community representative over 50 years of age. According to a local correspondent for The Syria Report, the measure aims to legitimise the committees to a certain degree. The correspondent added that there are some security requirements for appointing this representative. These conditions include that the representative is a permanent resident of regime-held territory and has no oppositional political views.

These strict requirements limit the representative’s knowledge regarding real estate operations during any period of opposition control over a given area or among opposition groups. This includes any purchases, sales, transfer of ownership via inheritance or heir disposing of their ownership of properties.

There are also fears of corruption and favouritism on the part of the local committees, similar to what happened with the spatial-technical committees in Sinjar and Hawa east of Maarat Al-Numan in Idlib governorate during past agricultural seasons. Members of those committees used their influence and relationships with security officials to form private companies to invest in absentee-owned farmlands. They also blocked the granting of priority to relatives of the landowners.

In cases where there is more than one first-degree relative who wishes to invest in a piece of land, they must visit the relevant local committee to register a record of their agreement over who will invest. Then they must register that document with their governorate’s contracts department and obtain approval to begin investing.

Other miscellaneous provisions

Under Decision No. 12011, investors who are relatives of the landowners must return the lands to their owners should they return. They must also cultivate the land per the Ministry of Agriculture’s production plan or face revocation of their property investment rights.

The decision also requires that investors who are relatives obtain security approval issued by whichever security service controls the area. These approvals are based on security reports and intelligence evaluations by local informants, municipality members, and farmers’ societies affiliated with the Farmers’ Union.

So-called “investor-relatives” must also submit a civil extract record for first- and second-degree relatives of the property owners and those who have invested in the land.

If there are no first-degree relatives identified with the landowner or the relatives fail to prove their kinship, the absentee-owned lands are automatically put up for public auction.

Iran-Affiliated Brigade Refuses to Return Homes in East Aleppo to Original Owners

11-10-2022/in HLP, News /by Rand Shamaa

Many returnees to the eastern neighbourhoods of Aleppo city could not recover their homes, which were occupied during their absence by families who had been displaced from the Idlib governorate towns of Kafraya and Al-Fuaa. The Al-Baqir Brigade, a militia loyal to Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, controls some neighbourhoods in east Aleppo and has refused to return the occupied properties to their original owners.

Some displaced homeowners who have returned to the east Aleppo neighbourhoods of Al-Marjeh, Al-Maadi, Al-Saliheen, Bab Al-Neirab, and Al-Fardous have filed lawsuits before the civil courts in the city to evict the current occupants. They have also unsuccessfully attempted to mediate with the head of the Al-Baqir Brigade, Khaled Al-Marai, a sheikh from the Al-Bakareh tribe.

Residents from Kafraya and Al-Fuaa, two Shia-majority towns, mostly remained politically loyal to the Syrian regime. They were forcibly displaced from their homes in several stages, the last of which was in July 2018. Their expulsion was part of the so-called Four Towns Agreement, the IRGC, Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham, and the Islamist Ahrar Al-Sham group negotiated in April 2017 in Doha, Qatar. The agreement stipulated the simultaneous expulsion of residents from several besieged towns, including Madaya and Al-Zabadani in the Rural Damascus governorate and Kafraya and Al-Fuaa in Idlib.

More than 40,000 Kafraya and Al-Fuaa residents were displaced from their homes and sent to live in displacement shelters in regime-held areas. From there, the Al-Baqir Brigade transferred around 2,000 families to the areas it controls in east Aleppo, allowing them to occupy the vacant homes of displaced residents from those neighbourhoods.

The homes in east Aleppo are owned by displaced people who fled the fighting between 2012 to 2016 or by pro-opposition residents who were forcibly displaced, most of whom are Sunni Muslims. The latter group were expelled during the regime’s final attack on east Aleppo in late 2016 and sent to opposition-controlled areas of rural northern Aleppo governorate. Most of the people now returning home to east Aleppo are from the first group, as forcibly displaced residents must obtain security approval to return.

Meanwhile, the Al-Baqir Brigade has done restoration work on some homes and apartments damaged by previous fighting and regime bombing in the area during opposition control in 2012-16. Namely, the brigade made the houses it worked on habitable, with repaired water and electrical networks. The homes were also provided with furniture by the Aleppo Defenders Corps, another pro-IRGC militia, to house the displaced people from Kafraya and Al-Fuaa properly.

One displaced resident who tried returning home to the Al-Marjeh neighbourhood told The Syria Report that members of the Al-Baqir Brigade prevented him from visiting his house, which a family from Al-Fuaa now occupies. He added that a group of homeowners communicated with the Al-Baqir Brigade leadership in the Al-Balloureh neighbourhood to mediate their return and evict the current occupants, but the commanders rejected their pleas.

The returnee said he is now living in a rented home in the same neighbourhood as his house. Another displaced person from east Aleppo told The Syria Report that he had filed a complaint to the court, which subsequently issued a ruling evicting the occupants from his home. However, he said the ruling has yet to be executed and that a group affiliated with the Al-Baqir Brigade threatened him with physical harm or detainment if he continued pursuing the eviction.

Officials from Al-Baqir Brigade suggested that if alternative housing units are made available for the Kafraya and Al-Fuaa families, the homes in east Aleppo will return to the original owners. However, according to The Syria Report’s correspondent, the officials implied that the returning homeowners would, in this case, have to pay the costs of restoring their houses.

Meanwhile, a source in Aleppo’s Directorate of Endowments told The Syria Report that the Iranian government is equipping residential buildings on endowment properties in the Jibb Al-Jalabi neighbourhood of east Aleppo. The source added that the Kafraya and Al-Fuaa families would move to those homes under long-term rental contracts. Iran built numerous residential facilities in Jibb Al-Jalabi in 2020 and 2021. The country also set up a consulate nearby, in the same area.